The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has customized its Predator drones, originally built for overseas military operations, to carry out at-home surveillance tasks that have civil libertarians worried: identifying civilians carrying guns and tracking their cell phones, government documents show.
The documents provide more details about the surveillance capabilities of the department's unmanned Predator B drones, which are primarily used to patrol the United States' northern and southern borders but have been pressed into service on behalf of a growing number of law enforcement agencies including the FBI, the Secret Service, the Texas Rangers, and local police.
"Rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. I do not add 'within the limits of the law' because law is often but the tyrant's will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual." Thomas Jefferson
Earlier this week, we wrote about a significant but often overlooked aspect of the drone wars in Pakistan and Yemen: so-called signature strikes, in which the U.S. kills people whose identities aren’t confirmed. While President Obama and administration officials have framed the drone program as targeting particular members of Al Qaeda, attacks against unknown militants reportedly may account for the majority of strikes.
The government apparently calls such attacks signature strikes because the targets are identified based on intelligence “signatures” that suggest involvement in terror plots or militant activity.
So what signatures does the U.S. look for and how much evidence is needed to justify a strike?
The Obama administration has never spoken publicly about signature strikes. Instead, generally anonymous officials have offered often vague examples of signatures. The resulting fragmentary picture leaves many questions unanswered.
In Pakistan, a signature might include:
Training camps
ZitatConvoys of vehicles that bear the characteristics of Qaeda or Taliban leaders on the run. 2013 Senior American and Pakistani officials,New York Times, February 2008. “Terrorist training camps.” 2013 U.S.Diplomatic Cable released by Wikileaks, October 2009. Gatherings of militant groups or training complexes. 2013 Current and former officials, Los Angeles Times, January 2010. Bomb-making or fighters training for possible operations in Afghanistan2026. a compound where unknown individuals were seen assembling a car bomb. 2013 Officials, Los Angeles Times, May 2010. Travel in or out of a known al-Qaeda compoundor possession of explosives. 2013 U.S. officials, Washington Post, February 2011. Operating a training camp2026 consorting with known militants. 2013 High-level American official, The New Yorker, September 2011.
A group of guys
ZitatLarge groups of armed men. 2013 Senior U.S. intelligence official, Associated Press, March 2012. Groups of armed militants traveling by truck toward the war in Afghanistan.2013Administration officials, Washington Post, April 2012. The joke was that when the C.I.A. sees “three guys doing jumping jacks,” the agency thinks it is a terrorist training camp. 2013 Senior official, May 2012. “The definition is a male between the ages of 20 and 40″ 2013 Former Ambassador to Pakistan Cameron Munter, Daily Beast, November 2012. “Armed men who we see getting into pickup trucks and heading towards the Afghanistan border or who are in a training exercise.” 2013 Former Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair, Council on Foreign Relations, January 2013.
Officials have characterized the intelligence that goes into these strikes as thorough, based on “days” of drone surveillance and other sources2014and said that apparently low-level people may still be key to an organization’s functioning. In 2010, an official told the Los Angeles Times that the CIA makes sure “these are people whose actions over time have made it obvious that they are a threat.